Communication network refers to the infrastructure that connects devices and systems from different locations, allowing information to be transmitted and exchanged between terminals. It is an important foundation for information transmission and exchange in modern society, and supports the operation of various communication services and applications such as the Internet, telephone system, mobile communication, etc.
A communication network is a structure composed of a series of connected devices and systems, used for the transmission and exchange of information. It can include different types of transmission media such as wired, wireless, and fiber optic, as well as various network devices such as routers, switches, and servers.
The main purpose of communication networks is to achieve the transmission and sharing of different forms of information such as data, voice, and video. It provides reliable connections and high bandwidth transmission, enabling people to quickly and effectively engage in remote communication, resource sharing, and data transmission. A communication network consists of multiple components and parts that work together to complete the tasks of information transmission and exchange.
1. A communication network consists of multiple components and parts that work together to complete the tasks of information transmission and exchange. a. Terminal devices are the starting and ending points of communication networks, including various terminal devices such as computers, mobile phones, tablets, and mobile phones. They are connected to the communication network through network interfaces for data transmission and reception.
b. The transmission medium is the physical channel through which information is transmitted in a network, which can be divided into two types: wired and wireless. Wired transmission media include copper cables, coaxial cables, and optical fibers, which transmit data through wires or optical signals. Wireless transmission media use wireless technologies such as radio waves or infrared for data transmission.
c. Network equipment is a key component of communication networks, including routers, switches, gateways, modems, etc. These devices are responsible for routing, exchanging, and forwarding data, ensuring that information can be transmitted from the source to the target.
d. Protocol and protocol stack protocol are conventions that define the rules for data transmission and communication, defining how data is packaged, transmitted, and parsed. Common network protocols include TCP/IP, HTTP, SMTP, etc. A protocol stack is a collection of protocols organized in a specific order to facilitate the transmission of data over a network. 2. The structure of communication networks can be divided into various forms, including star networks, bus networks, ring networks, and mesh networks.
a. A star network has a central node as its core, and all other nodes are directly connected to that central node. This structure is simple, easy to manage and expand, and is commonly used in home networks and small office environments.
b. In a bus type network, all nodes are connected together through a shared transmission medium. When a node sends data, all nodes can receive the data. Bus type networks are easy to install and maintain, suitable for small local area networks.
c. In a ring network, each node is directly connected to adjacent nodes, forming a closed loop. Data is transmitted in a fixed direction on the ring, and any node can receive the data. Ring networks have high reliability and fault tolerance, and can be extended to large-scale networks.
d. In a mesh network, each node is directly connected to other nodes, forming a complex network of connections. This structure has high flexibility and reliability, enabling redundant paths and automatic routing selection. Mesh networks are often used in large-scale communication systems and the Internet.
The choice of communication network structure depends on the specific application requirements and network size. Different structures have their own advantages and applicable scenarios, and can be selected and configured according to specific situations.
In summary, communication networks are the infrastructure that connects devices and systems, used for the transmission and exchange of information. It consists of terminal devices, transmission media, network devices, and protocols, supporting the transmission and sharing of various information such as data, voice, and video. The structure of communication networks is diverse, including star networks, bus networks, ring networks, and mesh networks, and suitable structures can be selected according to different needs. Communication networks play an important role in modern society, promoting the development of information technology and social progress.
Industrial control refers to industrial automation control, mainly achieved through the combination of electronic and electrical, mechanical, and software. It is either factory control or factory automation control. It mainly refers to the use of computer technology, microelectronics technology, and electrical means to make the production and manufacturing process of factories more automated, efficient, precise, and controllable and visible.
The emergence and promotion of industrial control technology brought about the third industrial revolution, which increased the production speed and efficiency of factories by more than 300%. In the early 1980s, with the spring breeze of reform and opening up, foreign advanced industrial control technology entered the Chinese Mainland. Industrial control products widely used include "PLC, frequency converter, servo motor, industrial control computer", etc. These products and technologies have greatly promoted the automation process of China's manufacturing industry and made tremendous contributions to China's modernization construction. The main core areas of industrial control include large power plants, aerospace, dam construction, industrial temperature controlled heating, and ceramics, which have irreplaceable advantages. For example, real-time monitoring of power plants and power grids requires the collection of a large amount of data values and comprehensive processing, and the intervention of industrial control technology facilitates the processing of a large amount of information. The emergence of industrial control has improved the safety and precision of manufacturing and construction industries, solving industrial needs such as temperature, pressure, gas flow, and liquid flow that were originally needed. In the process of evolving from semi-automatic and manual work to automation, including common air switches, pressure gauges, flow meters, etc. Working principle of industrial control: For example, the power control of air switches. When using electrical appliances with excessive power, the internal mechanical principles start to operate, causing the switch to automatically disconnect, in order to ensure the safe use of electricity in industry or buildings and accurately find the source of short circuits.
Industrial control systems are systems that use computers as basic components to monitor and control physical processes. This type of system includes most networked systems connected to physical systems. According to its application scope, control systems can be divided into process control systems (PCS), monitoring and data acquisition systems (SCADA), or network physical systems (CPS).
A control system typically consists of a series of network devices, including sensors, actuators, process control units, and communication devices. The control system usually adopts a hierarchical structure, and a typical control system network structure is shown in Figure 1. The first layer is a physical facility installed with sensors and actuators and other field equipment. The field equipment is connected to a programmable logic controller (PLC) or remote terminal equipment (RTU) through a fieldbus network, and the PLC or RTU equipment is responsible for implementing local control functions. The second layer is the control network, mainly responsible for real-time data transmission between the process controller and the operator station. The operator station is used for regional monitoring and setting physical facility settings. The third layer is the enterprise network, where the enterprise workstation is responsible for production control, process optimization, and process logging.
Industrial control systems have a wide range of applications in process production, power facilities, hydraulic oil and gas, and transportation. The security of traditional control systems mainly relies on the secrecy of their technology, and almost no security measures have been taken. With the increasing attention of enterprise management to production process data, industrial control systems are increasingly adopting open lnternet technology to achieve interconnection with the enterprise network. At present, most industrial communication systems develop protocols based on commercial operating systems, and there are many vulnerabilities in communication applications. When industrial control systems are interconnected with the Internet or other public networks, these vulnerabilities will be exposed to potential attackers. In addition, industrial control systems are often used to control critical infrastructure measures, and attackers will actively launch attacks on them for political or economic purposes, in order to cause serious consequences. For example, in 2010, the "earthquake network" virus swept across the world, and the Bushehr nuclear power plant in Iran was delayed in operation due to this attack. Therefore, in recent years, the information security issue of industrial control systems has become a widely concerned hot topic.
Consumer electronic products refer to electronic products designed around consumer applications that are closely related to life, work, and entertainment. They are the carrier of electronic information technology in personal and household applications. The use of consumer electronics products helps consumers improve their convenience and comfort, increase enjoyment, and enhance their quality of life, thus becoming an important component of modern life.
In the past few years, it has been a period of rapid development of global consumer electronics technology and rapid iteration and expansion of products, as well as an important stage of rapid expansion of China's consumer electronics market and industrial structural upgrading. China's position in the global consumer electronics industry continues to rise, undergoing a transformation from producing low value-added parts, outsourcing to foreign end brands, entering the high value-added production process, and domestic end brands ranking among the world's top.
From the development trend of consumer electronics in recent years, the most significant feature is the increasing intelligence of products, and the wave of intelligence has become an industry consensus and transformation direction. The so-called intelligence refers to the combination of hardware equipment and artificial intelligence. The so-called intelligent terminal or intelligent hardware in the industry refers to the product with the ability of information collection, processing and data connection, which can realize intelligent perception, interaction, big data services and other functions. It is an important carrier of "Internet plus" artificial intelligence.
The feedback and upgrading of artificial intelligence models for intelligent hardware require the foundation of the Internet of Things, and certain functions require cloud support, making the Internet of Things an essential element of intelligent hardware. Since 2019, the number of IoT connected devices in China has grown rapidly. According to data from Yiou, the number of IoT connected devices in China reached 3.66 billion in 2020.
With the rapid evolution of information technologies such as the Internet of Things, cloud computing, big data, and artificial intelligence, the core technology system of consumer electronics products such as hardware, software, and services is accelerating the reconstruction. The innovation of single point technology and single product is accelerating the transformation towards systematic and integrated innovation of multi technology integration and interaction, and the innovation cycle is significantly shortened. Consumer electronics products are evolving from single functional devices to universal devices, from single scenarios to complex scenarios, and from simple behaviors to complex behaviors. The injection of intelligent elements will accelerate this process.
The trend of intelligentization in the field of consumer electronics is widely spreading, and electronic products are undergoing intelligent transformation one after another. Innovative intelligent terminal products are emerging one after another. In addition to smartphones, tablets, personal computers and digital products, smart wearable products, VR/AR devices, emerging intelligent terminal products such as cameras and smart doorbells in the smart home field, and in car intelligent terminal devices are constantly emerging. The networking, remote control, APP management, sensing technology, voice recognition and other technologies possessed by consumer electronic intelligent terminal products are increasingly being accepted and recognized by consumers. The deep integration of consumer electronics products and the Internet of Things will become an important direction for industry development, and comprehensive intelligent products will become the mainstream in the future.
In addition to technological innovation and the application of new technologies driving consumer electronics products towards the era of intelligence, from the demand side, the background of social "consumption upgrading" has also brought opportunities to promote the transformation and upgrading of consumer electronics products. With the development of social economy, the disposable income of residents continues to increase, and the consumption ability and concept of consumers are upgrading. The emphasis and pursuit of a quality of life have led to a shift in consumer categories towards quality and diversity, with consumers paying more attention to their experiences and feelings during the consumption process. New personalized needs continue to emerge. Intelligent consumer electronics products, with leading technological innovation, rich product forms, and diverse application scenarios, continuously meet people's needs for a quality of life. In the process of product consumption, it enhances the public's demand for intelligent technology services
The sense of gain and experience also continuously stimulates the demand for people's livelihood consumption, leads the social consumption hotspots, accelerates the innovation of related industry services and the transformation of business models. On the one hand, consumption upgrading drives innovation in supply, and on the other hand, the improvement of supply creates new consumption growth points. This cycle provides a continuous source of power support for the innovative development of consumer electronics products.
In recent years, the innovation hotspots of consumer electronics products have gradually extended from personal consumer electronics products to broader spaces such as smart homes, smart cars, smart healthcare, and even smart cities. At present, innovation in traditional consumer electronics products such as smartphones, tablets, and laptops has slowed down and entered a stage of stock competition.
The demand for smart home products, Internet of Vehicles products, wearable devices, virtual reality and other categories is constantly expanding, and consumer grade IoT smart terminals have become a new growth point in the consumer electronics industry. The domestic consumer electronics market is showing a slowdown in the growth of traditional categories, while smart hardware products with exquisite appearance design, high technological content, complete functions, and meeting the diverse needs of consumers are growing rapidly. The popularity and market penetration rate of smart hardware have significantly increased.
From a global perspective, the demand for medical electronic products in the market is increasing, especially the rapid growth in demand for high-end products such as computer tomography scanners, magnetic resonance machines, and high-end ultrasound diagnostic instruments, which has driven the expansion of the global medical electronic market. At the same time, the growth of market demand has greatly stimulated the investment of various countries in the field of medical electronics. Medical electronic equipment manufacturers continue to improve their technological level, expand innovative applications, promote the stable development of the global medical electronics industry, and support the growth of demand in the medical electronics market.
The century old automotive industry is undergoing a major transformation era, and the transformation of automobiles into electrification and intelligence is the trend. As the hardware base of intelligent electric vehicles, automotive chips play a crucial role in the industry. However, the extreme pursuit of high safety, high reliability, and high stability by automotive chips has greatly increased the difficulty of research and development of automotive chips, making the localization of automotive chips an urgent industry problem that needs to be solved. The rise of Chinese automotive chips is a long and arduous road.
According to data from the China Association of Automobile Manufacturers, the number of automotive chips required for traditional fuel vehicles is 600-700, while the number of automotive chips required for electric vehicles will increase to 1600 per vehicle. The demand for chips for more advanced intelligent vehicles is expected to increase to 3000 per vehicle.
From January to September 2023, the global sales of new energy vehicles exceeded 9.8 million units. From January to November 2023, the sales of new energy vehicles in China exceeded 8.3 million units. Looking ahead, it is expected that the global sales of new energy vehicles will exceed 25 million units by 2025. During the same period, the sales of new energy vehicles in China are expected to reach 13 million units. It is expected that the annual demand for global automotive chips will exceed 160 billion units by 2030, and the demand for automotive chips in China will also reach 60 billion units.
The global automotive chip market is thriving, but due to the late start of domestic chip companies and the short time of technology accumulation, the mainstream American, Japanese, and European vehicle brands have a mature and stable upstream supply chain system. It is difficult for domestic chip companies to penetrate and have been suppressed in the past, resulting in a low localization rate of automotive grade chips.
Recently, Zhang Yongwei, Vice Chairman and Secretary General of the China Electric Vehicle Hundred People Association, publicly stated that in 2022, China's self-sufficiency rate of automotive chips was less than 10%, and the localization rate was only 5%, indicating a high dependence on foreign supply. With the rise of domestic new energy vehicles, independent and controllable supply chain security has become a top priority. China's automotive industry chain is being reshaped, and the share of domestic automotive chip suppliers is expected to gradually increase. It is expected that the localization rate of automotive chips in the Chinese market will reach 30% by 2025.
Automotive chips, also known as automotive grade chips, refer to integrated circuits that meet the requirements of automotive quality management system, reliability, and functional safety.
Different from consumer chips and industrial chips, automotive chips have a harsh working environment, high safety level, and long service life. Therefore, automotive grade chips require high reliability, safety, and stability.
Among them, high reliability mainly sets standards for temperature, humidity, vibration resistance, electromagnetic interference resistance, and service life, safety mainly sets standards for functional safety and information security, and high stability mainly requires consistency in mass production.
This makes automotive grade chips highly technically challenging and entry barriers, resulting in a lower localization rate.
Automotive chips can be divided into five categories in terms of application: main control chips, power chips, analog chips, sensor chips, storage chips, etc.
The main control chip is responsible for calculation and control, including MCU chip and SoC chip, distributed in engine, chassis and body control, as well as central control, auxiliary driving (ADAS) and auto drive system;
Power chips are responsible for power conversion and are generally used in the power supply and interface of electric vehicles;
Analog chips play a bridging role between the real world and the digital world, and are mainly divided into two major sections: signal chain chips and power management chips;
The sensor chip is responsible for converting physical quantities, chemical quantities, biomass, etc. into electrical signals, and is divided into vehicle perception sensors and environmental perception sensors.
Memory is responsible for data storage, which is divided into flash memory and memory. Flash memory includes NAND Flash and NOR Flash, while memory includes DRAM and SRAM
